Description An over production ...
Description
An over production of parathyroid hormone resulting in high calcium levels in the blood. There are four parathyroid glands located in the neck next to the thyroid gland. There are two types of hyperparathyroidism, primary and secondary. In primary one of the glands produces too much parathyroid hormone usually from a non-cancerous growth of the gland called an adenoma or from a cancer of the gland. Secondary occurs when another disease process causes low levels of calcium resulting in elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. The most common causes of secondary disease is failure of the intestines to absorb calcium, vitamin D deficiency or kidney failure. The elevated calcium levels can result in osteoporosis, kidney stones, hypertension, pancreatitis, peptic ulcers, and heart disease.
Symptoms
Symptoms are the result of elevated calcium levels are include: back pain, bone pain, loss of height, fractured bones, kidney stones, increased urination, abdominal pain, depression, nausea, vomiting, increased thirst and fatigue.
Tests
Common tests used for diagnosis and treatment
Workup:
A history and physical exam will be done. Blood tests to detect the elevated calcium and parathyroid levels will be done. A 24 hour urine test can measure how much calcium is being excreted by the kidneys. A bone mineral density test (DEXA or DXA) may be done to detect osteoporosis. An ultrasound or CT scan can measure the size of the parathyroid glands, and spot abnormal growths.
Tests:
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), CT Scan, Ultrasound
Specialists:
Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Family Practice, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pediatric Endocrinology
Workup:
A history and physical exam will be done. Blood tests to detect the elevated calcium and parathyroid levels will be done. A 24 hour urine test can measure how much calcium is being excreted by the kidneys. A bone mineral density test (DEXA or DXA) may be done to detect osteoporosis. An ultrasound or CT scan can measure the size of the parathyroid glands, and spot abnormal growths.
Tests:
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), CT Scan, Ultrasound
Specialists:
Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Family Practice, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pediatric Endocrinology
Treatment
Therapy depends on the cause of the elevated parathyroid gland. If the problem is not severe the healthcare provider may choose to watch the calcium levels over time. If the parathyroid gland is producing too much hormone or is cancerous surgery may be performed to remove the gland. Medications such as cinacalcet cause the parathyroid gland to produce less parathyroid hormone. Bisphosphates such as risedronate, alendronate, zoledronic acid, and ibandronate may be given to reduce calcium loss from the bones.